我要吃瓜

Professor Antony Duff

Emeritus Professor

Philosophy 我要吃瓜, Stirling, FK9 4LA

Professor Antony Duff

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I joined the Department in 1970, after graduate work at Oxford, and a year at the University of Washington, Seattle. I retired formally in 2009, but retain close connections with the Department as a Professor Emeritus. From 2010 to 2015 I also held a part-time position in the Law School at the University of Minnesota, where I co-founded the Robina Institute for Criminal Law and Criminal Justice.

My research focuses on the philosophy of criminal law. I work on the philosophy of punishment (Trials and Punishments, 1986; Punishment, Communication, and Community, 2001); the grounds and structure of criminal responsibility and liability (Intention, Agency, and Criminal Responsibility, 1990; Criminal Attempts, 1996; Answering for Crime, 2007); the criminal process (The Trial on Trial, 2007), and principles of criminalisation in a democratic republic (The Realm of Criminal Law, 2018). The last two of these books emerged from two collaborative projects: The Trial on Trial (with Lindsay Farmer, Sandra Marshall, and Victor Tadros), 2002-05, and Criminalization (with Lindsay Farmer, Sandra Marshall, Massimo Renzo, and Victor Tadros), 2008-12. Each of these projects produced volumes of papers from workshops, as well as monographs (co-)written by members of the project team. Other collaborative activities have a more applied character. I chaired a British Academy working group on the use of imprisonment, which published a report, A Presumption against Imprisonment, in 2014. I am currently secretary of Howard League Scotland, which campaigns for humane and rational penal policies. I also work with Philosophy in Prison, which provides philosophy courses in prisons, on Prison Voices—a project focused on the importance of, and the obstacles to, supporting prisoners in finding their voice and making it heard: following a series of online workshops and a conference, this will produce an edited volume of papers and a British Academy report.

Work in Progress or Forthcoming ?‘“How Could You Be So Blind?”: When Ignorance is no Excuse’, for Heinze et al (eds), Blame for Ignorance (Hart) ?‘Responsibility and Liability in Criminal Law: To Whom Must I Answer, and for What?’, for Levy and Donalson (eds), Palgrave Handbook on the Philosophy of Criminal Responsibility (Palgrave) ?‘Complainants’ Responsibilities in the Criminal Process’ (with S E Marshall), for Holder et al (eds), Research Handbook on Victims, Rights, and Justice (Elgar) ?‘Are Regulatory Offences Really Crimes?’, for van den Hoven et al (eds) Liber Amicorum for Mireille Hildebrandt (Edinburgh University Press) ?‘“We find You Guilty’: The Standard of Proof and the Second Person Voice’ (with S E Marshall), for Jackson and Summers (eds), The Distinctiveness of the Criminal Law Standard of Proof ?‘The Implications of the Philosophy of Punishment for Criminal Justice Practice’ (with M Matravers), for Annual Review of Criminology ?‘Justifying Pre-Trial Detention’, for Hucklesby et al (eds) Research Handbook on Pre-Trial Detention and Bail (Edward Elgar) ?‘Different kinds of “Dangerousness”, and why the Differences Matter’, for Bergen-Helsinki Criminal Law and Dangerousness Roundtables

Professional Career

D. Juris (honorary), University of Oslo

Doctor of Law (honorary)., University of Edinburgh

Fellow of the British Academy

Fellow, Royal Society of Edinburgh


Research projects (2)

Criminalization
PI: Professor Antony Duff
Funded by: Arts and Humanities Research Council

Royal Society of Edinburgh Support for Meetings Grant
PI: Professor Antony Duff
Funded by: Royal Society

Outputs (97)

Book Chapter

Duff RA (2025) 'Responsive Penal Censure' and its Implications. In: Manikis M & Watson G (eds.) Sentencing, Public Opinion, and Criminal Justice: Essays in Honour of Julian V Roberts. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 23-36. https://doi.org/10.1093/9780191991936.003.0004


Book Chapter

Duff RA (2025) The Procedural Rights (and Responsibilities) of the Guilty. In: Hirsch P & Moser E (eds.) Rights in Criminal Law: Studies on a New Paradigm in Criminal Law and Procedure. Oxford: Hart Publishing. https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/rights-in-criminal-law-9781509973477/


Book Chapter

Duff RA (2024) The Reciprocity of Criminal Responsibility. In: Crofts T, Kennefick L & Loughnan A (eds.) London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003297260


Book Chapter

Duff RA (2024) Communicative Theory. In: Ryberg J (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of the Philosophy of Punishment. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 90-112. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197750506.013.6


Book Chapter

Duff RA (2024) Strict Liability and Strict Responsibility. In: Kiener M (ed.) Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Responsibility. Routledge, pp. 480-89. https://www.routledge.com/The-Routledge-Handbook-of-Philosophy-of-Responsibility/Kiener/p/book/9781032252391?srsltid=AfmBOorweVY-ugLaGz_DYnEtwhQob7nufoHuQ8HxeIX1vFuZENHHL0W5


Book Chapter

Duff RA (2024) Risk, Responsibility, and Pre-Trial Detention. In: Placani A & Broadhead S (eds.) Routledge Studies in Ethics and Moral Theory. Routledge Studies in Ethics and Moral Theory. Routledge. https://www.routledge.com/Risk-and-Responsibility-in-Context/Placani-Broadhead/p/book/9781032231594?srsltid=AfmBOopymHZXSqpPzR40EkTfSbZILdJkZFLK7vu8X59HWacWLpsc0jSr


Book Chapter

Duff RA (2023) When Should We Plead Guilty?. In: Roberts JV & Ryberg J (eds.) Sentencing the Self-Convicted: The Ethics of Pleading Guilty. London: Hart. https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/sentencing-the-selfconvicted-9781509957439/


Article

Duff RA & Marshall SE (2021) Is Criminal Law 'Exceptional'?. Criminal Law and Philosophy. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11572-021-09619-z


Book Chapter

Duff RA (2020) Legal Obligation and the Criminal Law. In: Bertea S (ed.) Contemporary Perspectives on Legal Obligation. London: Routledge, pp. 116-132. https://www.routledge.com/Contemporary-Perspectives-on-Legal-Obligation/Bertea/p/book/9780367261986


Book Chapter

Duff RA (2020) Criminal Law. In: Tasioulas J (ed.) Cambridge Companion to the Philosophy of Law. Cambridge Companions to Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 313-330. https://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/law/jurisprudence/cambridge-companion-philosophy-law?format=HB


Article

Duff RA (2020) Defending the Realm of Criminal Law. Criminal Law and Philosophy, 14 (3), pp. 465-500. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11572-020-09548-3


Book Chapter

Duff RA (2019) Moral and Criminal Responsibility: Answering and Refusing to Answer. In: Coates DJ & Tognazzini NA (eds.) Oxford Studies in Agency and Responsibility, vol. 5: Themes from the Philosophy of Gary Watson. Oxford Studies in Agency and Responsibility. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 165-190. https://global.oup.com/academic/product/oxford-studies-in-agency-and-responsibility-volume-5-9780198830238?lang=en&cc=gb


Book Chapter

Duff RA (2019) "Thank God I Failed". In: Hurd HM (ed.) Moral Puzzles and Legal Perplexities: Essays on the Influence of Larry Alexander. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 60-75.


Book Chapter

Duff RA (2019) Responsible Agency in the Criminal Process. In: McCay A & Sevel M (eds.) Free Will and the Law: New Perspectives. Applied Legal Philosophy. London: Routledge, pp. 126-143. https://www.routledge.com/Free-Will-and-the-Law-New-Perspectives/McCay-Sevel/p/book/9780367661441


Article

Duff RA (2019) Two Models of Criminal Fault. Criminal Law and Philosophy, 13 (4), p. 643–665. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11572-019-09504-w


Article

Duff RA & Marshall S (2019) Crimes, Public Wrongs, and Civil Order. Criminal Law and Philosophy, 13 (1), pp. 27-48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11572-018-9457-x


Book Chapter

Duff RA (2018) Fairness in Criminal Proceedings: Concluding Thoughts and Further Questions. In: Jackson JD & Summers SJ (eds.) Obstacles to Fairness in Criminal Proceedings: Individual Rights and Institutional Forms. London: Hart Publishing, pp. 301-314. https://www.bloomsburyprofessional.com/uk/obstacles-to-fairness-in-criminal-proceedings-9781782258360/


Authored Book

Duff RA (2018) The Realm of Criminal Law. Criminalization. Oxford: Oxford University Press.


Book Chapter

Duff RA & Marshall SE (2018) Criminalizing Hate. In: Brudholm T & Schepelern Johansen B (eds.) Hate, Politics, Law: Critical Perspectives on Combating Hate. Studies in Penal Theory and Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 115-149. https://global.oup.com/academic/product/hate-politics-law-9780190465544?cc=gb&lang=en&


Article

Duff RA (2018) Criminal law and political community. International Journal of Constitutional Law, 16 (4), pp. 1251-1257. https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/moy101


Article

Duff RA (2018) Responsibility and Reciprocity. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 21 (4), pp. 775-787. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10677-018-9898-2


Book Chapter

Duff RA (2017) Discretion and Accountability in a Democratic Criminal Law. In: Langer M & Sklansky DA (eds.) Prosecutors and Democracy: A Cross-National Study. ASCL Studies in Comparative Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 9-39. https://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/law/comparative-law/prosecutors-and-democracy-cross-national-study?format=HB&isbn=9781107187559


Article

Duff RA (2017) A criminal law we can call our own?. Northwestern University Law Review, 111 (6), pp. 1491-1506. http://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/nulr/vol111/iss6/6/


Article

Kleinfeld J, Appleman LI, Bierschbach RA, Bilz K, Bowers J, Braithwaite J, Burns RP, Duff RA, Dzur AW, Geraghty TF, Lanni A, McLeod MS, Nadler J, O'Rourke A & Robinson PH (2017) White paper of democratic criminal justice. Northwestern University Law Review, 111 (6), pp. 1693-1706. http://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/nulr/vol111/iss6/16/


Book Chapter

Duff RA & Marshall SE (2016) Civic Punishment. In: Dzur A, Loader I & Sparks R (eds.) Democratic Theory and Mass Incarceration. Studies in Penal Theory and Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 33-59. https://global.oup.com/academic/product/democratic-theory-and-mass-incarceration-9780190243098?cc=gb&lang=en&


Book Chapter

Duff RA (2016) Legal Moralism and Public Wrongs. In: Ferzan K & Morse S (eds.) Legal, Moral, and Metaphysical Truths: The Philosophy of Michael S Moore. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 95-110. http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780198703242.do


Book Chapter

Duff RA (2015) Incapacity and Insanity: Do We Need the Insanity Defence?. In: Livings B, Reed A & Wake N (eds.) Mental Condition Defences and the Criminal Justice System: Perspectives from Law and Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, pp. 159-177. http://www.cambridgescholars.com/mental-condition-defences-and-the-criminal-justice-system


Book Chapter

Duff RA (2015) Un Derecho Penal Democrático. In: Sobre e Castigo: Por una justicia penal que hable el lenguaje de la comunidad. Buenos Aires: Siglo Veintiuno, pp. 25-69. https://sigloxxieditores.com.ar/libro/sobre-el-castigo/


Book Chapter

Duff RA (2015) Presumptions of Innocence. In: Flanders C & Hoskins Z (eds.) The New Philosophy of Criminal Law. London: Rowman and Littlefield, pp. 193-209. https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781783484140/The-New-Philosophy-of-Criminal-Law


Article

Duff RA (2015) How not to Define Punishment. Philosophy and Public Issues, 5 (1), pp. 25-41. http://fqp.luiss.it/category/numero/2015-5-1/


Book Chapter

Duff RA, Farmer L, Marshall SE, Renzo M & Tadros V (2014) Introduction: Towards a Theory of Criminalization?. In: Duff RA, Farmer L, Marshall SE, Renzo M & Tadros V (eds.) Criminalization: The Political Morality of the Criminal Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 1-53. https://global.oup.com/academic/product/criminalization-9780198726357?cc=gb&lang=en&#


Book Chapter

Duff RA (2014) Repairing Harms and Answering for Wrongs. In: Oberdiek J (ed.) Philosophical Foundations of the Law of Torts. Philosophical Foundations of Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 212-230. http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780198701385.do


Book Chapter

Duff RA (2014) Torts, Crimes and Vindication: Whose Wrong is it?. In: Dyson M (ed.) Unravelling Tort and Crime. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 146-173. http://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/law/private-law/unravelling-tort-and-crime


Book Chapter

Duff RA & Marshall S (2014) 'Remote Harms' and the Two Harm Principles. In: Simester A, Neumann U & du Bois-Pedain A (eds.) Liberal Criminal Theory: Essays for Andreas von Hirsch. Oxford: Hart, pp. 205-223. http://www.hartpub.co.uk/BookDetails.aspx?ISBN=9781849465144


Article

Duff RA (2014) Towards a Modest Legal Moralism. Criminal Law and Philosophy, 8 (1), pp. 217-235. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11572-012-9191-8


Article

Duff RA (2013) Who Must Presume Whom to be Innocent of What?. Netherlands Journal of Legal Philosophy, 42 (3), pp. 170-192. http://www.elevenjournals.com/tijdschrift/rechtsfilosofieentheorie/2013/3/NJLP_2213-0713_2013_042_003_002; https://doi.org/10.5553/NJLP/221307132013042003002


Book Chapter

Duff RA (2013) Relational Reasons and the Criminal Law. In: Green L & Leiter B (eds.) Oxford Studies in Philosophy of Law: Volume 2. Oxford Studies in Philosophy of Law, 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 175-208. http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/academic/series/philosophy/oxspl/9780199679829.do


Book Chapter

Duff RA (2013) Intention Revisited. In: Baker D & Horder J (eds.) The Sanctity of Life and the Criminal Law: The Legacy of Glanville Williams. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 148-177. http://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/law/criminal-law/sanctity-life-and-criminal-law-legacy-glanville-williams


Book Chapter

Duff RA (2013) Pre-Trial Detention and the Presumption of Innocence. In: Ashworth A, Zedner L & Tomlin P (eds.) Prevention and the Limits of the Criminal Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 115-132. http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199656769.do


Book Chapter

Duff RA (2012) Criminal Attempts. In: Marmor A (ed.) Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Law. Routledge Philosophy Companions. London: Routledge, pp. 191-204. http://www.routledgementalhealth.com/books/details/9781138776234/


Book Chapter

Duff RA (2012) Presuming Innocence. In: Zedner L & Roberts J (eds.) Principles and Values in Criminal Law and Criminal Justice: Essays in honour of Andrew Ashworth. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 51-66. http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199696796.do


Book Chapter

Duff RA (2012) Risks, Culpability and Criminal Liability. In: Sullivan G & Dennis IH I (eds.) Seeking Security: Pre-Empting the Commission of Criminal Harms. Oxford: Hart, pp. 121-142. http://www.hartpub.co.uk/books/details.asp?isbn=9781849461665


Article

Duff RA (2012) Penal Coercion and the Apology Ritual. Teorema: Revista Internacional de Filosofía, 31 (2), pp. 109-117. http://www.unioviedo.es/Teorema/English/Issues/XXXI2.html


Book Chapter

Duff RA (2012) Virtue, Vice and the Criminal Law - A Response to Huigens and Yankah. In: Amaya A & Lai H (eds.) Law, Virtue and Justice. Law and Practical Reason. Oxford: Hart Publishing, pp. 195-214. http://www.hartpub.co.uk/BookDetails.aspx?ISBN=9781849461757


Book Chapter

Duff RA (2012) Responsibility, Restoration and Retribution. In: Tonry M (ed.) Retributivism Has a Past: Has it a Future?. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 63-85. http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199798278.do


Article

Duff RA (2012) Political Retributivism and Legal Moralism. Virginia Journal of Criminal Law, 1 (1), pp. 179-204. http://virginiajournalofcriminallaw.com/issues/volume-1-issue-1/.


Book Chapter

Duff RA & Green S (2011) Introduction: Searching for Foundations. In: Duff RA R & Green S (eds.) Philosophical Foundations of Criminal Law. Philosophical Foundations of Law. Oxford: Oxford UP, pp. 1-18. http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199559152.do


Book Chapter

Duff RA (2011) In Response. In: Cruft R, Kramer M & Rieff M (eds.) Crime, Punishment, and Responsibility: The Jurisprudence of Antony Duff. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 351-379. http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199592814.do


Book Chapter

Duff RA (2011) What Kind of Responsibility Must Criminal Law Presuppose. In: Swinburne R (ed.) Free Will and Modern Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press/British Academy, pp. 178-199. http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780197264898.do


Book Chapter

Duff RA (2011) Retrieving Retributivism. In: White M (ed.) Retributivism: Essays on Theory and Policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 3-24. http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199752232.do


Book Chapter

Duff RA (2011) A Relational Conception of Punishment. In: Foblets M, Hildebrandt M & Steenbergen J (eds.) Liber Amicorum for René Foqué. Brussels, Belgium: Larcier, pp. 211-220. http://uitgeverijlarcier.larciergroup.com/titres/125554_2/liber-amicorum-rene-foque.html


Book Chapter

Duff RA (2011) Mercy. In: Deigh J J & Dolinko D (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Criminal Law. Oxford Handbooks in Philosophy. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 467-492. http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780195314854.do


Book Chapter

Duff RA (2011) Good and Evil and the Criminal Law. In: Cordner C (ed.) Philosophy, Ethics and a Common Humanity: Essays in Honour of Raimond Gaita. Taylor & Francis (Routledge). http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415546386/


Book Chapter

Duff RA (2011) Responsibility, Citizenship and Criminal Law. In: Duff RA R & Green S (eds.) Philosophical Foundations of Criminal Law. Philosophical Foundations of Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 125-148. http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199559152.do


Book Chapter

Duff RA (2010) Perversions and Subversions of Criminal Law. In: Duff RA R, Farmer L, Marshall S, Renzo M & Tadros V (eds.) The Boundaries of the Criminal Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 88-112. http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199600557.do


Book Chapter

Duff RA (2010) Authority and responsibility in international criminal law. In: Besson S & Tasioulas J (eds.) Philosophy of International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 589-604. http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199208586.do


Book Chapter

Duff RA & Marshall S (2010) Public and Private Wrongs. In: Chalmers J, Leverick F & Farmer L (eds.) Essays in Criminal Law in Honour of Sir Gerald Gordon. Edinburgh Studies in Law. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 70-85. http://www.euppublishing.com/book/9780748640706


Article

Duff RA (2010) A Criminal Law for Citizens. Theoretical Criminology, 14 (3), pp. 293-309. http://tcr.sagepub.com/content/14/3/293; https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480610369784


Book Chapter

Duff RA (2010) Psychopathy and answerability. In: Malatesti L & McMillan J (eds.) Responsibility and Psychopathy: Interfacing law, psychiatry and philosophy. International Perspectives in Philosophy & Psychiatry. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 199-212. http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199551637.do?display


Article

Duff RA (2010) Towards a Theory of Criminal Law?. Aristotelian Society Supplementary Volume, 84 (1), pp. 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8349.2010.00183.x


Book Chapter

Duff RA (2010) Action and Criminal Responsibility. In: O'Connor T & Sandis C (eds.) A Companion to the Philosophy of Action. Blackwell Companions to Philosophy. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 331-337. http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1405187352,descCd-description.html


Book Chapter

Duff RA (2009) Can we Punish the Perpetrators of Atrocities?. In: Brudholm T & Cushman T (eds.) The Religious in Responses to Mass Atrocity: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 79-104. http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521518857


Article

Duff RA (2009) Legal and Moral Responsibility. Philosophy Compass, 4 (6), pp. 978-986. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-9991.2009.00257.x/abstract; https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-9991.2009.00257.x


Article

Duff RA (2009) Philosophy and 'the Life of the Law'. Journal of Applied Philosophy, 26 (3), pp. 245-258. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5930.2009.00449.x


Book Chapter

Duff RA (2008) Responsibility and liability in criminal law. In: Kramer MH, Grant C, Colburn B & Hatzistavrou A (eds.) The Legacy of H.L.A. Hart: Legal, Political and Moral Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 101-120. http://www.oup.com/uk/catalogue/?ci=9780199542895


Book Chapter

Duff RA (2008) Whose Luck is it Anyway?. In: Clarkson CMV(MV & Cunningham SR (eds.) Criminal Liability for Non-Aggressive Death. Aldershot: Ashgate, pp. 61-78. http://www.ashgate.com/isbn/9780754673347


Commentary

Duff RA (2007) Is Accomplice Liability Superfluous?. Commentary on: Michael S Moore, Causing, Aiding, and the Superfluity of Accomplice Liability, 156 U. PA. L. REV. 395 (2007). University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 156 (2), pp. 444-452. http://www.pennumbra.com/responses/response.php?rid=48


Book Chapter

Duff RA (2007) Crimes, Regulatory Offences and Criminal Trials. In: Müller-Dietz H, Müller E, Kunz K, Radtke H, Britz G, Momsen C & Koriath H (eds.) Festschrift für Heike Jung: zum 65. Geburtstag am 23. April 2007. Baden-Baden, Germany: Nomos, pp. 87-98. http://www.nomos-shop.de/productview.aspx?product=9019


Book Chapter

Duff RA & Marshall S (2007) Criminal responsibility and public reason. In: Freeman M & Harrison R (eds.) Law and Philosophy. Current Legal Issues, volume 10. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 224-242. http://www.oup.com/uk/catalogue/?ci=9780199237159


Article

Duff RA (2007) The Intrusion of Mercy. Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, 4 (2), pp. 361-387. http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/osjcl/


Book Chapter

Duff RA (2006) The Virtues and Vices of Virtue Jurisprudence. In: Chappell T (ed.) Values and Virtues: Aristotelianism in Contemporary Ethics. Mind Association Occasional Series. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 90-104. http://www.oup.com/uk/catalogue/?ci=9780199291458


Authored Book

Duff RA (1997) Criminal Attempts. Oxford University Press. https://global.oup.com/academic/product/criminal-attempts


Authored Book

Duff RA (1991) Trials and Punishments. Cambridge Studies in Philosophy. Cambridge University Press. https://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/philosophy/political-philosophy/trials-and-punishments?format=PB